Keep in mind that you should not attempt to take exceptionally high doses of iodine without guidance from a qualified healthcare provider. It also comes in a glass bottle for easy recycling. Designs for Health is a reputable brand that maintains stringent quality standards during each step of the manufacturing process. All products are tested for purity, potency, and safety, and all of their production facilities are FDA certified.
Seaweed is one of the richest natural, plant-based sources of iodine. If you prefer taking supplements sourced from whole food ingredients, you may want to try one of these options, which are made exclusively with iodine from a type of seaweed known as kelp.
Its vegan-friendly and free of most major allergens, including tree nuts, fish, shellfish, eggs, wheat, and gluten. Prenatal supplements contain vastly different types and quantities of nutrients, but many do not contain iodine at all.
GLOW always uses the highest quality, most absorbable nutrient forms, and all of their products are third-party tested for purity and potency. The U. Dietary Guidelines recommend that people who are pregnant consume at least mcg of iodine per day 1. Supplements are designed to fill nutrient gaps, but a balanced diet is still an integral part of a healthy pregnancy. Smarty Pants does not disclose its third-party laboratory for proprietary reasons, but you can access certificates of compliance for each supplement on the company website.
The gummies are sweetened with a combination of cane sugar and tapioca syrup, but they only contain 6 grams of added sugar per serving. The company also offers an organic version for anyone who prefers organic supplements. In certain countries, such as the United States, nutritional supplements are not as tightly regulated as medications.
Thus, the safest option is to stick with supplements that are produced by reputable companies that maintain high manufacturing standards and routinely test their products for purity and potency. You also want to inspect the ingredient label. Conversely, if your healthcare provider recommends that you take a high dose, make sure you choose one that provides an adequate amount to meet your needs. Overconsuming iodine can lead to symptoms similar to those of iodine deficiency, such as neck swelling, fatigue, and weight gain.
More serious side effects include inflammation of the thyroid gland and thyroid cancer 1. Acute iodine toxicity is rare but can occur if high doses are taken without medical supervision.
Symptoms of iodine toxicity include nausea, vomiting, fever, diarrhea, a weakened heartbeat, and burning throat and mouth 1. The RDI of iodine for healthy adults is mcg. If you are pregnant or breastfeeding, the daily dose increases to mcg and mcg, respectively 1.
Iodine may negatively interact with some medications, such as diuretics , certain types of blood-pressure-lowering medications, and those used to treat hyperthyroidism 1. Hence, you should not attempt to take doses higher than the recommended daily amount without medical supervision 1. Your thyroid gland plays a critical role in producing hormones that regulate growth and metabolism throughout your life.
If you suspect you have low iodine or may be at risk of developing iodine deficiency, you should consult your healthcare provider to determine whether an iodine supplement is right for you. There are countless supplement options available.
When choosing one that is best for you, always be sure to consider the price, ingredient content, dosage, and overall quality before purchasing. Iodine is required for the synthesis of thyroid hormones thyroxine T 4 and triiodothyronine T 3. T 4 and T 3 contain four and three atoms of iodine per molecule, respectively.
These hormones are vital to human health as they control the production and utilization of energy throughout the entire body. In very severe cases of iodine deficiency in pregnant women, babies can be born with congenital hypothyroidism or cretinism, now considered a derogatory term , a condition of severely stunted physical and mental development.
Overall, iodine deficiency affects about 2 billion people worldwide and is the leading preventable cause of mental disability in developing areas of the world, according to Synapse , an Australian brain injury organization.
India has the highest prevalence of iodine health conditions, with million people suffering from deficiency, 54 million from goiter and 2 million from full-blown hypothyroidism, according to Synapse. The U. Sea vegetables and animals — particularly seaweeds wakame and kelp , scallops, shrimp and cod — have the highest concentrations of iodine, but iodine also comes from land-based food sources, such as plants that grow in iodine-rich soil or from dairy products and eggs as long as the cows and chickens had enough iodine in their diets.
Since iodine is needed in only trace amounts, getting too much of it can cause health problems as well. American pathologist David Marine is credited with getting the ball rolling toward putting iodine in salt. On his first day as a new doctor in Cleveland in , Marine was immediately struck with how many people, and even dogs, were walking around with swollen necks, indicative of a widespread goiter problem. In fact, the condition had become so pervasive that a large stretch of land from the Rockies to the Great Lakes region to western New York was known as the "goiter belt.
After exploring a few hypotheses and coming up empty-handed, Marine began experimenting with iodine supplements. He conducted one of the first ever large-scale human experiments by giving miniscule doses of iodine to 2, healthy goiter-free students in Akron, Ohio. A control group of 2, healthy students were not given any iodine but were still closely monitored. The results were astounding. Of the 2, who received iodine, only five eventually developed a thyroid condition, compared to individuals in the control group.
Although there had been some existing research at the time linking iodine to the thyroid gland, Marine conclusively established that iodine was indeed an essential element for life and one in whose absence could result in severe health problems. Marine's important findings led to the first iodized salt being sold in the United States in Due to its important role in fetal and infant development and thyroid hormone production, iodine is a critical nutrient for proper health at all life stages.
Fetal and infant development Iodine sufficiency during pregnancy is extremely important for proper fetal development. During early pregnancy, when fetal thyroid gland development is incomplete, the fetus depends entirely on maternal T4 and therefore, on maternal iodine intake [ 51 ]. Sufficient iodine intake after birth is also important for proper physical and neurological growth and maturation.
Research suggests that infants are more sensitive to the effects of iodine deficiency than other age groups, as indicated by changes in their TSH and T4 levels in response to even mild iodine deficiency [ 53 ].
Although severe iodine deficiency disorders are uncommon in the United States, mild-to-moderate iodine insufficiency during pregnancy may subtly affect fetal development [ 4 , ].
A meta-analysis of 6, mother-child pairs from three birth cohorts in the Netherlands, Spain, and the United Kingdom found that verbal IQ assessed in children at 1. Despite the importance of iodine for proper fetal development, the effects of iodine supplements during pregnancy on infant and child neurodevelopment in particular are inconclusive.
Iodine supplementation had no effect on child cognitive, language, or motor scores [ 61 ]. One of these trials also assessed children at age 5? Breast milk contains iodine, although concentrations vary based on maternal iodine levels. Infants who are exclusively breastfed depend on maternal iodine sufficiency for optimal development.
During the weaning period, infants not receiving iodine-containing complementary foods may also be at risk of iodine deficiency, even in countries with iodized salt programs [ 63 , 64 ]. To ensure that adequate amounts of iodine are available for proper fetal and infant development, several national and international groups recommend iodine supplementation during pregnancy, lactation, and early childhood.
WHO recommendations for these countries also include breastfeeding through 24 months of age, combined with complementary foods fortified with iodine for children between the ages of 7—24 months [ 7 ]. Similarly, the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that women who are pregnant, planning to become pregnant, or lactating take a daily supplement providing at least mcg iodine and use iodized salt [ 66 ]. The use of iodine-containing dietary supplements by pregnant and lactating women in the United States appears to be low compared to current recommendations.
Of 59 best-selling prenatal multivitamin supplements on the market in —, only 34 contained iodine [ 22 ]. The median iodine content was mcg per daily serving, with a range of 25 to mcg; 25 of the 34 provided iodine as potassium iodide. Results from a study however, raise some questions as to the safety of widespread iodine supplementation in areas of relative iodine sufficiency.
These findings suggest that taking higher doses of supplemental iodine during pregnancy could induce thyroid dysfunction in some women and underscore the need for additional research into the effects on maternal thyroid function of iodine supplementation during pregnancy.
Many researchers, as well as the American Thyroid Association, stress the importance of continued iodine status monitoring among women of reproductive age [ 1 , 4 , 31 , 37 , 55 , 69 , 70 ]. Cognitive function during childhood The effects of severe iodine deficiency on neurological development are well documented. Results from several studies suggest, for example, that chronic, moderate-to-severe iodine deficiency, particularly in children, reduces IQ by about 12— A Cochrane review concluded that iodine supplementation in children living in areas of iodine deficiency appears to both positively affect physical and mental development and decrease mortality with only minor and transient adverse effects [ 71 ].
The effects of mild iodine deficiency during childhood are more difficult to quantify. Some research suggests that mild iodine deficiency is associated with subtle neurodevelopmental deficits and that iodine supplementation might improve cognitive function in mildly iodine-deficient children [ 51 ].
These findings suggest that correcting mild iodine deficiency in children could improve certain components of cognition. Additional research is required to fully understand the effects of mild iodine deficiency and iodine supplementation on cognitive function. Fibrocystic breast disease Fibrocystic breast disease is a benign condition characterized by lumpy, painful breasts and palpable fibrosis. It commonly affects women of reproductive age, but it can also occur during menopause, especially in women taking estrogens [ 73 ].
Breast tissue has a high concentration of iodine, especially during pregnancy and lactation [ 4 , 74 ]. Some research suggests that iodine supplementation might be helpful for fibrocystic breast disease, although a specific mechanism of action has not been established [ 75 ] and data are limited.
A more recent randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial had similar findings. In this study, researchers randomly assigned women 18—50 years of age with fibrosis and a history of breast pain to receive tablets containing 0 mcg, 1, mcg, 3, mcg, or 6, mcg of iodine per day [ 75 ]. After 5 months of treatment, women receiving doses of 3, or 6, mcg iodine had a significant decrease in breast pain, tenderness, and nodularity compared with those receiving placebo or 1, mcg iodine.
The researchers also reported a dose-dependent reduction in self-assessed pain. None of the doses was associated with major adverse events or changes in thyroid function test results. Moreover, the doses used in these studies approximately 1,—6, mcg per day are several times higher than the iodine UL of 1, mcg for adults. Doses of this magnitude should only be used under the guidance of a physician [ 2 ].
Radiation-induced thyroid cancer Nuclear accidents can release radioactive iodine into the environment, increasing the risk of thyroid cancer in exposed individuals, especially children [ 77 , 78 ].
Thyroidal uptake of radioactive iodine is higher in people with iodine deficiency than in people with iodine sufficiency. For this reason, iodine-deficient individuals have a particularly high risk of developing radiation-induced thyroid cancer when exposed to radioactive iodine.
The FDA has approved potassium iodide as a thyroid-blocking agent to reduce the risk of thyroid cancer in radiation emergencies involving the release of radioactive iodine [ 77 ].
The FDA recommends that exposed people take a daily pharmacological dose 16— mg potassium iodide, depending on age until the risk of significant radiation exposure ends [ 77 , 78 ]. Potassium iodide was widely used in Poland following the Chernobyl accident and childhood thyroid cancer rates did not increase substantially in subsequent years [ 79 ].
In areas where iodide prophylaxis was not used, such as Belarus and Ukraine, where many children were mildly iodine-deficient, the incidence of thyroid cancer sharply increased among children and adolescents [ 77 ]. High intakes of iodine can cause some of the same symptoms as iodine deficiency—including goiter, elevated TSH levels, and hypothyroidism—because excess iodine in susceptible individuals inhibits thyroid hormone synthesis and thereby increases TSH stimulation, which can produce goiter [ 2 , 80 ].
Iodine-induced hyperthyroidism can also result from high iodine intakes, including when iodine is administered to treat iodine deficiency. Studies have also shown that excessive iodine intakes cause thyroiditis and thyroid papillary cancer [ 2 , 80 ].
Cases of acute iodine poisoning are rare and are usually caused by doses of many grams. Acute poisoning symptoms include burning of the mouth, throat, and stomach; fever; abdominal pain; nausea; vomiting; diarrhea; weak pulse; and coma [ 2 ].
Responses to excess iodine and the doses required to cause adverse effects vary [ 81 ]. Some people, such as those with autoimmune thyroid disease and iodine deficiency, may experience adverse effects with iodine intakes considered safe for the general population [ 2 , 5 ].
In most people, iodine intakes from foods and supplements are unlikely to exceed the UL [ 2 ]. Long-term intakes above the UL increase the risk of adverse health effects. The ULs do not apply to individuals receiving iodine for medical treatment, but such individuals should be under the care of a physician [ 2 ].
Iodine supplements have the potential to interact with several types of medications. A few examples are provided below. Individuals taking these medications on a regular basis should discuss their iodine intakes with their healthcare providers. Taking high doses of iodine with anti-thyroid medications can have an additive effect [ 81 ] and could cause hypothyroidism. Taking potassium iodide with ACE inhibitors can increase the risk of hyperkalemia elevated blood levels of potassium [ 81 ].
The federal government's — Dietary Guidelines for Americans notes that "Because foods provide an array of nutrients and other components that have benefits for health, nutritional needs should be met primarily through foods. In some cases, fortified foods and dietary supplements are useful when it is not possible otherwise to meet needs for one or more nutrients e.
For more information about building a healthy dietary pattern, refer to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans and the U. Department of Agriculture's MyPlate. This fact sheet by the Office of Dietary Supplements ODS provides information that should not take the place of medical advice. We encourage you to talk to your healthcare providers doctor, registered dietitian, pharmacist, etc. Any mention in this publication of a specific product or service, or recommendation from an organization or professional society, does not represent an endorsement by ODS of that product, service, or expert advice.
Updated: March 29, History of changes to this fact sheet. Find ODS on:. Strengthening Knowledge and Understanding of Dietary Supplements. Health Information Health Information. Iodine Fact Sheet for Health Professionals.
Health Implications of Perchlorate Ingestion. Institute of Medicine, Food and Nutrition Board. World Health Organization. Assessment of iodine deficiency disorders and monitoring their elimination. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO, Patrick L. Iodine: deficiency and therapeutic considerations. Altern Med Rev. Iodine deficiency. Endocr Rev. Iodine-deficiency disorders. Prevention and control of iodine deficiency in pregnant and lactating women and in children less than 2-years-old: conclusions and recommendations of the Technical Consultation.
Public Health Nutr. Pennington JA, Young B. Iron, zinc, copper, manganese, selenium, and iodine in foods from the United States Total Diet Study. J Food Compost Anal. Development of databases on iodine in foods and dietary supplements. Nutrients ;10; Iodine database PDF. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville MD.
July Food and Drug Administration. Roseland J. Personal Communication. August 13,
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